Wednesday, 31 December 2025

Machins: it's not over until everything has been discovered!

I had thought that I had written my last post about Machin discoveries and, indeed, it may well be that someone has seen and reported this before, maybe nearly 25 years ago!

Regular contributor MM sent me this image of a clipping from an envelope purchased from Norway. Eagle-eyed readers will see that there are no values on the stamps, and that the 'postmark', dated 24 November 2002, isn't.


In fact the whole thing is printed - 'stamps', postmark, even the shadows aside the stamps.  The image of the Christmas stamp is of the 1981 18p set designed by Lucinda Blackmore (then aged 6), whilst the Machin image may be imitating the £1 value from April 1997.

I asked the Norwegian Seamen's Mission in London whether they could tell me any more (with no response received as yet), but further investigation shows that while the item of mail may have originated with them, it was actually processed IN Norway.

B-BLAD, at the right of the Christmas stamp is a marking for the Norwegian postal service, Posten Norge for a specific, lower-priority bulk mail service for periodicals and membership magazines.

So it appears that it was from a Christmas newsletter/magazine produced in the UK but posted to Norwegian addresses using the Norwegian domestic postal system.   

Royal Mail did not introduce stamp images printed onto Direct Mail envelopes until 2015 but there had been examples of stamps used on publicity material before then.  

It seems unlikely that the Seaman's Mission obtained permission from Royal Mail to use the copyrighted Machin image as their rules say that stamps must be used unaltered, apart from overlapping of different images.

Another one, closer to home 

Although I headed this 'closer to home' it originated almost as far away as it could, in Warrnambool a city in Victoria, Australia, used on the council's recycling flyer.  



It's 'closer to home' because the person who sent me this picture was convinced that the image was taken from our website.  OK, it could have been taken from any other, but the black border and placing of the coloured chevron against the perforations appears to be exactly the same.


 

If you have any other pre-2015 examples of stamps being used on marketing or other mail, please let me know.

 


Tuesday, 30 December 2025

Horizon Scandal Update

I know a number of readers outside the UK have been following my reports on this for some time.  Domestic readers may well have been following the updates from Nick Wallis, Computer Weekly or Private Eye.  But as the latest news landed three days before Christmas, you may have missed it.

Both Channel 4 News and the BBC  were among the outlets to produce news items this week about a 2006 contract between Fujitsu and the Post Office, which saw Fujitsu agreeing to fines if it couldn't properly reconcile financial information generated by the Horizon IT system.

The document was only published on the Inquiry website this month. It was spotted by Stuart Goodwillie, who alerted Paul Marshall and Ron Warmington. 

Front page of Fujitsu contract 31 August 2006

 

In short:

On 31 August 2006, Post Office and Fujitsu Services signed a 26-page contractual document that would prove devastating if disclosed to the hundreds of postmasters subsequently prosecuted based on Horizon data. The "Reconciliation Service: Service Description" wasn't a technical manual buried in an archive. It was a formal contract, reviewed by both parties' commercial and operations teams, signed by senior executives, and marked "CONTRACT CONTROLLED."

When postmasters reported discrepancies, they were prosecuted for theft and false accounting. When the same discrepancies appeared in this 2006 contract, they were called "Exceptions," "Errors," and "System Incidents" — with detailed provisions for how Fujitsu would pay Post Office to resolve them.

The postmasters weren't lying about system problems. They were experiencing exactly what the 2006 contract said would happen regularly.

You can read the full 26-page contract here and a good summary (from which the above quote is taken) by Brian Rogers here.  (It's on Linkedin but that shouldn't present any problems.)

Another quote:

The contract establishes detailed financial penalties for system failures — proving both parties knew these failures would occur regularly enough to require standard commercial terms:

"Where an Exception or an Error at a Branch affects the reconciliation within the POL FS System, Fujitsu Services may be liable to pay liquidated damages to Post Office in lieu of any financial cost that Post Office may incur to resolve the Exception or Error either internally within the POL FS System or as part of a settlement adjustment with Clients."

The contractually established amounts:

  • Transaction that cannot be delivered electronically - £100 per transaction
  • Transaction that cannot be re-delivered after rejection - £150 per transaction
  • Debit card exception requiring manual settlement - £353.47
  • Processing costs per exception - £125.06

Why establish liquidated damages if you believe the system is reliable?

These aren't provisions for rare, catastrophic failures. These are standard commercial terms for managing expected regular failures at scale.

The "100+ errors per month" assumption

Buried in this section is perhaps the most remarkable admission:

"The Parties acknowledge that the fundamental commercial assumptions underlying the provisions of this section 2.3.4.11 are that (i) the total number of Debit Card Exceptions or Errors in any calendar month shall not exceed 100 and (ii) the total number of Debit Card Exception or Error Reimbursements in any calendar month shall not exceed 20."

Read that again carefully:

  • Both parties contractually assumed at least 100 debit card exceptions per month
  • This was just for one transaction type (debit cards)
  • This was the baseline commercial assumption for normal operations
  • The contract requires renegotiation if actual numbers exceed this baseline

 ~~~~~~

Remote data correction without branch knowledge

Perhaps the most disturbing provision authorises Fujitsu to modify transaction data without branch knowledge or involvement:

"Where there is a need to correct Exceptions or Errors, the Reconciliation Service may make corrective assumptions, based upon the format and content of previous valid records of the same type, if no other detail is available."

The contract explicitly authorises:

  • Identification of errors in centrally held transaction data
  • Making "corrective assumptions" about what data should contain
  • Basing corrections on "previous valid records" rather than actual events
  • Modifying transaction records without branch involvement

The contract specifies:

"In such cases, the Reconciliation Service will promptly inform Post Office of the assumption within the Working Day that the assumption has been made."

Post Office would be informed. Postmasters would not.

Once this was published another LinkedIn member pointed out that another evidence document on the Inquiry website shows that this 31 August 2006 document was a renamed version of an earlier document dated December 2001!

If you are remotely interested I suggest you read Brian Rogers' summary in its entirety.

 


Tuesday, 23 December 2025

Review of the year 2025.

So we come to the end of another year.  A strange one in many respects as all the fuss over Machins - whether news or their being invalidated - has died down, Self Service Kiosks dispensing Post and Go stamps have almost disappeared, but the relentless money machine of Royal Mail special issues continues.


Definitives

The provision of King Charles III definitives to Post Office continued as they slowly replaced the Machin series.  Queen Elizabeth stamps with datamatrix codes were withdrawn from philatelic sale in the summer, although sales through post offices - and indeed Royal Mail online - continued while stocks remained.

The King adopted the Tudor Crown and in January Royal Mail announced that this would be used in their logo affecting, initially, booklets of 8 stamps and 1st & 2nd class business sheets.  

The booklets of 4 were not released at this time and the 1st class x4 was found on eBay.  It was made available through Tallents House once they were aware that it had been released to post offices.  It seems that Stamps and Collectibles aren't being told; the arrangement seems to be that Post Office stores are calling off ready stocks from the printers, stocks which Royal Mail have ordered but then don't take into their own stocks?  

The 2nd & 1st class King Charles III definitives for Scotland were issued as were more insipidly coloured airmail rate stamps.

Subsequently the long awaited 1st class Large business sheet - not issued with the other values in April 2023 - was found in November at a Scottish post office.  How ironic that it should be found just a few miles from the place from which we should get supplies in order to produce first day covers if we wished, when the philatelic service knew nothing of it.  We're waiting for details of ordering and product code from Tallents House.

The Swap-out system for invalidated stamps continues: early in the year there was a 7-week turnaround time although this later improved.  A reader reported just before Christmas that exchanges from batches sent in September and October were still awaited.


Commemorative or Special Stamp products 

The 2025 programme has been much the same as other recent years with much emphasis on 'entertainment' subjects which would be big sellers to the programme/film/artist fanbase, and less on subjects actually marking cultural and historical anniversaries important to the United Kingdom.  There were exceptions, which, I'm sure not coincidentally, brought well-designed stamps rather than photographs.  

There were several elements in the designs of the sets marking the 350th anniversary of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich and the Steam Locomotives set which coincided with the 200th anniversary of the Stockton to Darlington railway, and the Valour and Victory issue. The latter coincided with the 80th anniversary of the end of World War II (in Europe anyway) with 10x 1st class designs celebrating the courage and dedication of individuals.  Just to bulk up the issue and fill the prestige stamp book there was also a miniature sheet honouring Dame Vera Lynn. Whether the two elements should share equal note is perhaps a matter for debate.

On the thematic side, apart from the locomotives, there was garden wildlife, fungi and ducks, and the year finished with an inexplicable Victorian stamps-on-stamps set.  

In February Royal Mail announced that special issues would consist of 1st and 2nd class stamps only, although not until after they had issued the ones printed before the decision was made.

A new product, the 'Celebrating Britain Sheet' for Jane Austen (like a Business Customised or Commemorative Sheet) was a late addition to the programme appearing in mid-December.  


Errors

There were few errors in stamp products this year: the Royal Observatory prestige stamp book was found with pane 2 duplicated; in the same issue the coin cover was found with only one postmark leaving two stamps uncancelled; and a less noticeable and more specialised error - but error nonetheless - was discovered on the 2024 Christmas stamps with 1st & 2nd class both having the same (2nd class) datamatrix code date and value.


Postage Rates

As has become the norm, selected postage rates changed in both April and October although most basic inland rates remained the same. The basic 1st class Large Letter rate increased from £2.60 to £3.50 in two steps affecting booklets, business sheets and SSKs. The foreign letter airmail rate also increased from £2.80 to £3.40 annoying social letter writers and Postcrossers.


Forgeries and penalties Forgers, having been thwarted by Royal Mail's efforts to combat the use of forged definitives, continued to work with the special stamp issues even going as far back as the self-adhesive 2001 monochrome Cats & Dogs set. Gummed stamps were not spared with forged sheets of the gummed 2022 cats found.  

Some of Royal Mail's Revenue Protection Teams continued to have difficulties deciding what should or should not be surcharged.   This is despite Mail Centres being provided with posters indicating what should and should not be surcharged.  I've explored this more on the Postal History blog on this and in preceding posts which also show non-British stamps which escaped the attentions of the Teams.

A new surcharge label was reported, with a QR code link to the Royal Mail website, where it was revealed that the surcharged stamp remained valid! 


Slogan and other postmarks

Readers have recorded 24 slogans this year, with the Christmas one/s still to come as I draft this, which is well up on last year's 20.  No national saints' days (only Valentine), none for new stamp issues, but one novelty was the slogan for the state visit of the German president. I don't recall any other heads of nations being honoured in this way.  

Thanks also to readers who have sent in examples of branch counter date stamps and other postmarks used on incoming letters, and other unusual postal markings.  I already have one to write up for January but I am hoping to get more information about it before doing so.


Royal Mail and Post Office operations

Post Office Ltd decided to divest the business of the costly directly managed Crown Offices around the country, manned by their employees, and arranged franchises with several experienced organisations.  

Meanwhile Royal Mail seemed to be doing their best to avoid customers using post office branches altogether by further promoting online postage purchase and introducing a certificate of posting on the mobile phone app - which only guaranteed that the parcel was near a postbox, not that it was actually posted.  

Further developments lead to modifications to postboxes which had solar panels to activate a larger 'packet' flap much to the annoyance of the many people who yarnbombed the boxes. 

Across the country Royal Mail installed various parcel lockers for the collection and posting of parcels, often close to sub-post offices which also had 'their' postboxes converted.  Fortunately many postmasters have a loyal band of local customers who insisted that they would continue to use the services inside the branches.

Royal Mail acted with commendable urgency when the United States administration announced that they would require tariffs to be paid before goods were sent to their country. That is to say, instead of customs duty being collected by the US authorities when packages arrived in the mail, they would instead be collected by the sending postal administration.  This came about because the US abolished the previously $800 (£600) de minimis limit at which goods became liable to charges.  

Regular readers will recall that the US first raised the problem of imports from China in 2015, but then it was related to Terminal Dues - the amount that the Chinese had to pay for delivery within other countries, notably the USA.  Whilst that was a valid argument, which led in 2018 to higher postage rates to the US reflecting the higher terminal dues agreed at the UPU, it didn't stop the flow of packages from China, and only marginally increased the cost to the consumer.  And there was still no duty charged because of the ridiculously high de minimis limit. (The UK limit was £18).

The new system doesn't affect stamps and philatelic products (which remain at zero%), except for the processing fee charged by Royal Mail (if postage is purchased and labels completed online) of 50p, and by Post Office for items sent at a branch, which is £1.50.   

The King Charles cypher appeared on more postboxes, and vehicles, including the large fleet of electric vehicles now being used across the country.  A small KC3 box was sent to the British Antarctic Survey station at Rothera.

As Royal Mail were fined yet again for poor delivery performance and postal workers continued to complain about an excess of parcels for the time available to deliver, we had two Royal Mail deliveries on Sunday 14th December, one from Tallents House the other from Amazon. 


Post and Go 

As NCR Self-Service Kiosks are reaching the end of life Post Office started working on alternatives. However more and more machines are becoming 'card only' or out of service altogether.  This, coupled with the franchising of all former Crown Offices as above below, means that there may well be a period when none are in operation.   When asked much earlier in the year, Post Office were unable to say whether the existing stamps would continue to be used - which, given that PO had not yet chosen a new provider, was not surprising.  

As I see it there are three possibilities: 

a. the new machines will dispense stamps and labels just as the old ones did;
b. the new machines will dispense stamps of a different size, in which case Royal Mail will be involved and these will without doubt bear the head of King Charles;  
c. the least palatable option will be that only labels will be printed, or 'stamps' with all the detail including the head printed at the point of delivery as with the (abandoned) Horizon replacement

Meanwhile the people with their fingers on the P&G pulse and their ears and eyes well and truly open in branches, principally Trevor and Malcolm, have contributed over 150 additions to the annual P&G blog entry providing an important up-to-date history of this dying aspect of British philately.  Thank you on behalf of all readers.


The Horizon Scandal

I have not written about this during 2025 because it is still being covered by the BBC and Private Eye,  and to a lesser extent by Nick Wallis.  Several prominent figures (Sir Alan Bates, Christopher Head) have now settled having fought the derisory offers original made.   Lee Castleton, Janet Skinner and one other SPM are taking legal action against Post Office, with Paul Marshall leading.  

The first volume of the Public Inquiry's final report has been published: this and more news in the team's year-end newsletter, including work on the Legacy Project working with the Postal Museum to deliver one aspect of the Project to mark the Horizon scandal in history, and record the impact on ordinary people.

Third, unexpected, paragraph!  News broke just this week about a 2006 contract between Post Office and Fujitsu.  Well, you say, of course there was a contract, and this isn't new because it was mentioned in the Inquiry session with Paul Patterson of Fujitsu, but it has only recently been published on the Inquiry website.   And it's the detail that matters: Fujitsu were liable to penalties if it couldn't properly reconcile financial information generated by the Horizon IT system, and it requires Fujitsu to obtain Post Office's permission before "amending the centrally held Transaction data."


The blogs, longer articles, and the business

As mentioned in the opening paragraph the blog has been affected this year by the lack of important news on Machin definitives and the SwapOut scheme, and the limited news - other than updates provided by others - on Post and Go and Self-Service Kiosks.  And so the number of individual posts has fallen slightly again.  Nonetheless we are now approaching 11 million views thanks almost entirely to all the input from readers, supplemented by news about new stamp issues.

I am reluctant to enforce the use of names and pseudonyms in comments but it isn't really isn't difficult to understand why.  This typifies what happens with Anonymous comments: 

Remember that in almost all cases you can click on any image to see an enlarged version, sometimes very much bigger.

This time last year I had intended to list definitive first day covers, and Post & Go oddities.  Instead with the additional time available I found myself sorting through my own collections of postal history, and reminded myself just what a fascinating and absorbing journey can be taken through examining stamps that have been properly used.  

I prepared a 12-sheet display of pre-World War II  postcards and covers entitled 'Around the World for a Penny'.  I discovered I had items sent not only to all the expected destinations - USA, Canada, Western Europe, Russia - but to Fiji, Mauritius and Chile!  I will turn this into an online display somewhere which I shall in due course provide links to.  Whether or not you already collect this, I hope that you - as a true philatelist - should be entertained and informed through these displays. 

As I consolidate the material accumulated over the decades a great deal of duplication has been revealed and I hope that some of this will be of interest to readers.  Towards the end of the year I started listing some oddities, like the machine-vended booklet wrappers which, I am pleased to say, the new owner incorporated into his collection to make a display to his local stamp club. 

I've restarted selling stamps for postage again so when you have used all your surplus I will probably still have some available.   

I know some readers are still relatively young (ie under 50!) but it is never too late to really examine what you have in order to share it with others.  It is possible, certainly with postal markings, that you have something seemingly innocuous which will turn out to be the first example seen, or to extend the 'known use'  period backwards or forwards by months or even years.

Again, if you have any particular interests in worldwide stamps, cards, postal history and oddities, please do ask, as this takes up far more space at present than the core collections that I want to keep.

So we turn the corner of another year with an uncertain outlook around the world and despite efforts are still no closer to Peace on Earth than we were this time last year.   But we can take solace in our philatelic collections.  

Even if it means we are hiding from the realities of current affairs, it can give us some peace and relaxation, and is usually good for our mental well-being - and physical, if we remember to get up and walk around a bit.  Don't have everything within easy reach of your desk!

THANK YOU for your seasonal greetings by email and cards, these are much appreciated.

A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to all our readers.




Monday, 22 December 2025

We've waited two years for the last basic King Charles definitive - 1st Large business sheet

It is always nice when customers from long ago keep in touch, either through reading these musings or by commenting or writing.  Such is the situation with this story, which comes from 'A', a customer in Scotland who we had not had any dealings with since 2019.  He is the source of this:

1st Large King Charles III business sheet with new crown and logo discovered in Scotland November 2025, but apparently printed in December 2024.

King Charles Business Sheets were announced in March 2023 to be issued on 4 April.  Supplies were duly delivered to standing order customers and dealers, but only three sheets were supplied.  The 1st Large sheet was not included. 

Towards the end of April I was told that it was 'at the printers'.  In late May we were told that "it will not be printed & made available for the time being".  In June 2024 Royal Mail advised that "it is unlikely to be printed this year, but that it should appear some time in 2025"

As collectors and dealers had been able to produce first day covers for the other three values in April 2023 I made the point "hope that the S&C team are told early enough to make an official day of issue, so that collectors and dealers can produce first day covers. "

Sadly this was not to be.  As with the 4 x 1st retail book with the new crown & font, stamps have been provided to Post Offices before the Philatelic Department of Royal Mail is aware of them.  

As you can see 'A' bought the sheet and produced for himself a first day cover with Windsor handstamp for 21 November 2025.   

1st Large King Charles III business sheet first day of availability cover 21 November 2025.

Although I don't have a picture of the coding - the source is particularly difficult to see - it is M24L MBIL.  If my interpretation of the datamatrix code is correct these were printed on 18 December 2024 and show a postage rate of £2.60, which was correct at the time.

Interpreted by iPhone QR-reader.

Philatelic Availability  

As before, Royal Mail Tallents House have been alerted to this discovery on their doorstep and we await details of when it will be made available to dealers and collectors.  

It is unfortunate that Royal Mail's internal organisation is such that although they have the printer produce stocks ready to be called off either by Royal Mail retail (Edinburgh) or by Post Offices branches from the POL warehouse, the philatelic department are not kept informed as to when stocks are low so that they can arrange a philatelic release (and sell some first day covers). Instead, usage of new (from a philatelic point of view) stamp occurs without their knowledge even though all other similar products are accorded official first day of issue status.  I am sure the people at Tallents House share our frustration!

If anybody else sees any of these locally or as an online sale before their philatelic release, I shall be pleased to record it here.

And if you want one or two of these stamps I will be able to supply them just as soon as we get supplies, so don't go for mad prices on eBay should they appear.  My price will be much more reasonable. 

 


Saturday, 6 December 2025

December slogan postmarks and other interesting postal markings.

December starts (as November ended) with the default British Heart Foundation slogan. Again, JH has provided an example, but again it is difficult to read.

Default British Heart Foundation slogan Jubilee Mail Centre 3 December 2025

Unlike last month - when we had only one example of the Remembrance slogan - while I have been away a flood of examples has reached me from readers - thank you all!   This is for the state visit of the German President.  This occurs in 3-line versions: JM sent the best one from Manchester (with others in the same format from LT, AA & RW are less than ideal which is a shame for a very short-term slogan). The Nowich one in the other 2-line format from JH is the best we've seen so far.  But we have had one from Sheffield here, which is quite poor, but in the reversed format on a square envelope!

Welcome
President
Steinmeier

State Visit 2025

Welcome President Steinmeier State Visit slogan Manchester Mail Centre 03/12/2025

Welcome President Steinmeier State Visit slogan Norwich Mail Centre 03-12-2025

UPDATE 9 December.  Surprisingly yet another variation; this one has four lines from Jubilee Mail Centre 05-12-2025, thanks TP.

Welcome President Steinmeier State Visit slogan Jubilee Mail Centre 05-12-2025

Welcome President Steinmeier State Visit reversed slogan Sheffield Mail Centre 03?-12-2025


UPDATE 12 December.  Before we get to the Christmas reminders slogans greetings cards have brought forth a rash of examples of the default British Heart Foundation slogan, with thee variants so far.  Even I have some!

Firstly thanks to RW for this one from Tyneside on 09/12/2025 which arrived as I was scanning mine from Gatwick.  But I also have one in the other format from Norwich 08-12-2025.  

British Heart Foundation slogan, Tyneside Mail Centre 09/12/2025

British Heart Foundation slogan, Norwich Mail Centre 08-12-2025

 And MM sent us the first reversed one on a square envelope, also from Tyneside on 08/12/2025 
Reversed British Heart Foundation slogan, Tyneside Mail Centre 08/12/2025


We will expect some form of Christmas posting slogan from Royal Mail very soon, probably replaced later by a 'Last Posting Dates' slogan.  As we understand that there are no Universal machines now in use, it will be interesting to see what appears other than from the regular ink-jet machines.

UPDATE: We understand that there will be no 'post early' slogans this year; as we are only a week away from Christmas, that is not much of a surprise.   What will be a surprise is if Royal Mail start using stamp-issue related slogans next year.  



Other postmarks and postal markings, etc

Recipients of my sendings last week may have been able to determine that they were posted in Street, Somerset.  The light was in the wrong place get a good photo, so here is one from Google StreetView when it was still a branch of WHSmith. Now it is a One Stop, but at the same address in the HIgh Street postcode BA16 0EZ.

Street, Somerset, branch post office from Google streetview March 2024.

I was able to get my post cancelled at the counter with the self-inking counter datestamp GG shown on the left below.    Also shown is one I obtained in 2017, unit E.  Note that this one, with quite different spacing, has an unexpected error, with two M's in Sommerset!


Galmpton in Devon was mentioned here in 2023 when a self-inking datestamp was in use.  The latest missive from there (thank you RW) is a new-type single-circle which looks like rubber - it turns out that this is a private production, similar to the Mailer's Permits used in the USA, and not a new counter datestamp.  


Blackheath Village, Kent.  The branch is in an impressive building and was taken over by WHSmith in 2016, much to the surprise of the local historical society.  As you can see from these Google streetview pictures the original post office (built in 1911) had wooden doors below an impressive stone identity.  Whilst the latter has been retained, the new owners ripped out the wooden doors and replaced them with glass and steel. Obviously this building did not have nationally listed status although it is on Lewisham’s register of locally-listed buildings and is recognised by the Council as a building of character in the Blackheath Conservation Area.


Thanks to SH for the example of the self-inking datestamp which led to this story.

Blackheath Village self-inking counter datestamp 5 December 2025.



Enquiry Office handstamps - JW has sent this example from Edinburgh North West DO dated today 13 DEC 2025.  (digitally enhanced)

Edinburgh North West DO / 13 DEC 2025 / Royal Mail handstamp

Certificate of posting for online postage, Edinburgh NW DO

Although this means not using stamps, such material is important to obtain and record, so sometimes we have to resort to unconventional practices - a bit like sending stamps to yourself by special delivery to get them fine used.


US Tariffs - did Royal Mail deliberately route some mail through Europe?

JW reports a discussion on Reddit about an International Tracked parcel from the UK to USA.  It appeared to be stuck in limbo in the USA, but was returned a month after sending with a CN15 Return label from Hungary!  And this wasn't just a one-off.  This was the label shown by user Leading-Pie1366 at the beginning of December. 

Another user reported that they too had this problem: "after clearing customs at usps.com it was showing that it was scanned at 'BUDAPEST 1005, United States of America'."  This person obtained a refund for their postage label from Royal Mail.   

Google AI suggests that because of backlogs Royal Mail was shipping via Hungary, but that doesn't quite match up with the tracking routing described on Reddit.


Remember, slogan postmarks appearing in December will be added to this post, so check here before you spend time scanning and emailing.